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Flashcard

Medicine Part 1
Medicine Part 2
Gynecology & Obstetrics
Surgery
Pediatrics Part 1
Pediatrics Part 2
Ethics

Pediatrics Part 1

General PediatricsQ. Infantile Colic Scenario, Treatment
Answer: Reassure mother that it’s normal (Starts at 6 weeks and resolves by 6 months).
General PediatricsQ. Infantile Colic Most Commonly Occurs
Answer: First 6 weeks (A common onset age for colic).
General PediatricsQ. Duration of Infantile Colic
Answer: First 6 months (Usually resolves by this time).
General PediatricsQ. Counseling a Mother Regarding Infantile Colic
Answer: Will resolve at 6 months (Provides reassurance to the parent).
General PediatricsQ. Child With Excessive Crying, Bottle Feeding, Restless, and Abdominal Distention
Answer: Infantile Colic (Classic presentation of colic).
General PediatricsQ. True About Infantile Colic
Answer: Large passage of flatus (A characteristic symptom of colic).
General PediatricsQ. Typical Symptoms of Infantile Colic, Management
Answer: Behavioral adaptation (Most effective and supportive approach).
General PediatricsQ. 6-Week-Old Baby Spitting Out Milk but Has Normal Weight Gain
Answer: Precautions of reflux and reassure (Weight gain indicates normal growth despite reflux).
General PediatricsQ. 12-Month-Old Child With Anemia, Splenomegaly, Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia, Target Cells
Answer: Iron (Restore iron to address deficiency).
General PediatricsQ. Mother Complains of Baby Spitting Milk After Each Feed
Answer: Elevate head during feeding (Positioning reduces reflux).
General PediatricsQ. Baby Spits Milk After Feeding, Weight Gain Is Normal
Answer: Elevate the baby’s head after feeding and encourage burping (Supportive care).
General PediatricsQ. Child Shifted to Cow’s Milk, Pale, and Losing Weight
Answer: Iron deficiency (Cow’s milk can lead to iron-deficiency anemia).
General PediatricsQ. Feverish Child With Cough and Bilateral Infiltrates in the Lung, T = 38°C
Answer: Reassure because it’s viral (Likely viral pneumonia with no red flags).
General PediatricsQ. 8-Month-Old With Asymmetrical Breast Enlargement, No Other Symptoms
Answer: Reassure (Common and benign finding in infants).
General PediatricsQ. Child With Fever, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Right-Sided Reduced Air Entry, and New Murmur
Answer: Reexamine after symptoms subside (Acute illness can cause transient murmurs).
General PediatricsQ. 3-Year-Old Fell From Bed, Vomited Twice, Headache, Normal Physical and Neuro Exam
Answer: Observation (No need for imaging if exams are normal and symptoms improve).
General PediatricsQ. Child With Airway Swelling and Skin Lesions After Party
Answer: Food allergy (Classic presentation of an allergic reaction).
General PediatricsQ. 6-Week-Old Baby Spitting Formula Since Birth
Answer: Physiological reflux (Normal in infants).
General PediatricsQ. Next Step for Baby With Physiological Reflux
Answer: Burping the baby and semi-setting while feeding (Helps manage reflux).
General PediatricsQ. 9-Year-Old With Growth Pains
Answer: Reassurance (Growth pains are benign).
General PediatricsQ. Breast Milk Nutrient Content
Answer: Rich in protein.
General PediatricsQ. Toddler With Pigmented Teeth
Answer: Sleeping with a milk bottle (Bottle dental caries).
General PediatricsQ. Baby With Tooth Discoloration, Sleeps With Bottle
AnQ. 2-Month-Old Baby With Apnea After Feeding and Cyanosis
General PediatricsQ. Least Physical Activity Duration Required in Pediatrics
Answer: 60 minutes (Recommended daily for children).
General PediatricsQ. Child With Mother’s Death and Difficulty Concentrating in School
Answer: Dissociation (Emotional disconnection following trauma).
General PediatricsQ. Child With Mother’s Death and Difficulty Concentrating in School
Answer: Dissociation (Emotional disconnection following trauma).
General PediatricsQ. 50-Year-Old With Solitary Chest Nodule on Routine CXR, Next Step?
Answer: Ask about previous CXR.
General PediatricsQ. Pediatric Patient Underwent Tonsillectomy With Bleeding During Surgery. What to Tell the Father?
Answer: Explain to the father what happened during the surgery.
General PediatricsQ. Addictive Patient Found in Deep Coma and Cyanosed. What to Do?
Answer: Mechanical ventilation.
General PediatricsQ. Girl With Bruises and Fecal Incontinence After Being Fully Toilet Trained. Diagnosis?
Answer: Sexual abuse.
General PediatricsQ. Child Afraid of Going to School. How Should the Mother Handle It?
Answer: Talk to him about how his favorite superhero would deal with the situation.
General PediatricsQ. 1x2 cm Spot on Forearm Since Birth, No Symptoms. Management?
Answer: Follow-up.
General PediatricsQ. Recommended Screening Age for Hemoglobin?
Answer: 12 months.
General PediatricsQ. Mother Concerned About 5-Month-Old Baby's Development. How Would You Relieve Her Concern?
Answer: Baby is sitting independently.
General PediatricsQ. 2-Month-Old With Diarrhea and No Vomiting. Mother Concerned About Dehydration. Management?
Answer: Oral rehydration solution.
General PediatricsQ. Child Taking Oral Rehydration Solution Presents With Mild Dehydration. Cause of Symptoms?
Answer: Glucose intolerance.
General PediatricsQ. Child Losing 1kg Despite Eating and Drinking a Lot, Dehydrated and Irritable. Diagnostic Test?
Answer: Urine dipstick.
General PediatricsQ. Child With Dehydration, Depressed Anterior Fontanel, and Decreased Skin Turgor. Percentage of Dehydration?
Answer: 10%.
General PediatricsQ. Positive Direct and Indirect Coombs Test. Diagnosis?
Answer: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
General PediatricsQ. 11-Year-Old With Jaundice, Increased Indirect Bilirubin, Increased Total Bilirubin, and Normal LFT. Diagnosis?
Answer: Gilbert syndrome.
General PediatricsQ. Recurrent bedwetting, treatment effect on which muscle?
Answer: Pelvic floor muscles.
General PediatricsQ. What Indicates Hemolysis?
Answer: Increased unconjugated bilirubin.
General PediatricsQ. Condition Associated With Spherocytosis?
Answer: Osmotic fragility test positive.
General PediatricsQ. Down Syndrome chromosomal abnormality:
Answer: Trisomy 21.
General PediatricsQ. Low incidence in Down Syndrome is due to:
Answer: Mosaicism.
General PediatricsQ. A mother (27 years old) has a Down Syndrome baby. What increases the risk of having another baby with Down Syndrome?
Answer: Advanced maternal age (>40 years).
General PediatricsQ. Turner Syndrome characteristic feature:
Answer: Folded skin at the nape of the neck.
General PediatricsQ. Time to say "fever of unknown origin" in pediatrics?
Answer: B. 14 Days. (Hint: "Unknown" = 7 letters × 2 = 14 days.)
General PediatricsQ. Hemangioma in a newborn’s left eye needs resection to avoid affecting vision. When should it be done?
Answer: C. 6–8 weeks. (Hint: Timely intervention helps prevent vision complications.)
General PediatricsQ. Vaccination at school age (6 years):
Answer: DTaP, MMR, OPV, Varicella. (Hint: "DTaP" for discipline, "MMR" for leaving mom, "OPV" matches "school.")
General PediatricsQ. Vaccination at 1 year old:
Answer: OPV, MMR, PCV, Varicella. (Hint: At 1 year, PCV replaces DTaP from the 6‑year‑old schedule.)
General PediatricsQ. Vaccines for a 2‑month‑old baby:
Answer: IPV, HBV, Hib, DTaP, PCV, Rota. (Hint: All except MMR, which is given after 1 year.)
General PediatricsQ. Vaccines for a 4‑month‑old baby:
Answer: IPV, HBV, Hib, DTaP, PCV. (Hint: Similar to the 2‑month schedule, with the same set of vaccines.)
General PediatricsQ. Growth chart shows normal at birth but below the 3rd centile. Diagnosis?
Answer: Failure to thrive. (Hint: Persistent low growth centile suggests failure to thrive.)
General PediatricsQ. +ve cover test. Diagnosis?
Answer: Strabismus. (Hint: "Cover" = detecting misalignment in strabismus.)
General PediatricsQ. When can a child with impetigo return to daycare?
Answer: After 3 days of treatment or when vesicles dry up.
General PediatricsQ. Mom reports her boy developed a body rash that turned vesicular, crusted with yellow secretions. When can he go to nursery?
Answer: When vesicles dry up.
General PediatricsQ. Boy with itching, red eye, and watery discharge after exposure to a cat. No lymphadenopathy. Diagnosis?
Answer: Allergic dermatitis.
General PediatricsQ. Baby develops truncal rash. Management?
Answer: Reassurance.
General PediatricsQ. Child with allergy symptoms at a party. Likely cause?
Answer: Food allergy.
General PediatricsQ. Child with stridor and rash at a birthday party. Likely cause?
Answer: Food allergy.
General PediatricsQ. Neonate (<1 year) common area for eczema?
Answer: Scalp.
General PediatricsQ. Child (>1 year) and adults common area for eczema?
Answer: Flexors.
General PediatricsQ. Most common place for psoriasis in childhood?
Answer: Scalp.
General PediatricsQ. Child with eczema that worsens despite topical steroids. Next step?
Answer: Evaluate parental compliance with medication.
General PediatricsQ. Child needing fluids (e.g., D10). Dose?
Answer: 5 ml/kg.
General PediatricsQ. After sinusitis surgery, a child reports loss of sensation in the lower eye and upper lip. Nerve affected?
Answer: Infraorbital nerve.
General PediatricsQ. Baby falls on the right abdomen, develops abdominal pain and fever. Diagnosis?
Answer: Liver contusion.
General PediatricsQ. How to decrease airbag injury risk in children under 12 years?
Answer: Restrain to the back seat.
General PediatricsQ. When is pain from an organ most likely (organic pain)?
Answer: Before awakening.
General PediatricsQ. High-risk illness baby. Whom to ask details from?
Answer: Mother.
General PediatricsQ. Alkaline substance ingestion. Management?
Answer: Close observation.
General PediatricsQ. 9‑year‑old girl ingested paracetamol 1 day ago. Management?
Answer: Observation and discharge the patient.
General PediatricsQ. Child ingested iron, came with nausea and vomiting 9 hours ago. Serum iron 90. Management?
Answer: IV deferoxamine.
General PediatricsQ. Paracetamol poisoning with symptoms. Treatment?
Answer: N‑acetylcysteine.
General PediatricsQ. Child lethargic, fever, abdominal pain, history of mitochondrial disease, labs show high reticulocytes. Contraindicated drug?
Answer: Aspirin.
General PediatricsQ. Child ingested iron, came with nausea and vomiting 9 hours ago. Serum iron 90. Management?
Answer: IV deferoxamine.
General PediatricsQ. Paracetamol poisoning with symptoms. Treatment?
Answer: N‑acetylcysteine.
General PediatricsQ. Infantile Colic Scenario, Treatment
Answer: Reassure mother that it’s normal (Starts at 6 weeks and resolves by 6 months).
General PediatricsQ. Bedwetting management?
Answer: Positive reinforcement and alarm therapy.
General PediatricsQ. Bedwetting is considered normal until what age?
Answer: Age 5.
General PediatricsQ. Child’s body weight is persisting at the 10th percentile. When should you be concerned about growth?
Answer: Body weight persisting at 10th percentile.
General PediatricsQ. 12-year-old child’s response to a parent's illness according to developmental stage?
Answer: Refractory behavior: fussing, violence.
NeonatologyQ. Baby With Birth Weight 3.5kg, Now Weighs 3.1kg, Breastfeeding Frequently But Ineffectively
Answer: Reassure that all is well (Weight loss is normal in the first few days of life).
NeonatologyQ. 2-Week-Old Child With Erythematous Rash, Afebrile and Stable
Answer: Assure the mother (Newborn rashes are common and often benign).
NeonatologyQ. Mucus Vaginal Discharge in Newborn Baby
Answer: Reassure the mother (Physiological response to maternal hormones).
NeonatologyQ. Neonatal Screening Programs
Answer: Screen for metabolic diseases, hypothyroidism, and hearing loss.
NeonatologyQ. Newborn Examination
Answer: Hearing (Critical part of neonatal screening).
NeonatologyQ. Kernicterus Signs, What to Tell Parents
Answer: Hearing loss (Common complication of kernicterus).
NeonatologyQ. Newborn Examinations
Answer: Vision (red reflex) and hearing (Part of routine checks).
NeonatologyQ. Aspiration Meconium Treatment
Answer: Surfactant (Improves lung compliance).
NeonatologyQ. 1-Week-Old Neonate Lost 1.5kg From Birth Weight
Answer: Reassure (Weight loss within the first week is normal).
NeonatologyQ. Infant With Erythematous Macules on the Back and Trunk
Answer: Reassure (Likely newborn rash or erythema toxicum).
NeonatologyQ. Neonate With Persistent Low Hemoglobin Despite Oral Ferrous Sulfate
Answer: Check serum iron and ferritin levels (Evaluate iron stores).
NeonatologyQ. Colostrum Is High In
Answer: Protein (Colostrum is nutrient-dense with high protein content).
NeonatologyQ. 9-Day-Old With Jaundice Only on Face, Healthy and Breastfed
Answer: Breast milk jaundice (Common and benign cause of neonatal jaundice).
NeonatologyQ. Neonate Developed Cyanosis (2nd or 3rd Week)
Answer: Prostaglandin (Maintains ductus arteriosus patency).
NeonatologyQ. Baby Born at 27 Weeks GA With SOB and Tachypnea
Answer: Apnea of prematurity (Immature respiratory control).
NeonatologyQ. Infant With Meconium Aspiration Syndrome, Management
Answer: Lavage surfactant.
NeonatologyQ. Meningitis in Neonate (1 Month or Younger), Antibiotics of Choice?
Answer: Ampicillin + Gentamicin.
NeonatologyQ. Neonatal Lumbar Puncture Shows Diplococci, Management?
Answer: Ampicillin + Gentamicin.
NeonatologyQ. 3-Day-Old Neonate With CSF Culture Positive for Gram-Positive Bacilli, Catalase-Positive, Beta-Hemolytic, Treatment?
Answer: Ampicillin.
NeonatologyQ. A 3-Day-Old Neonate With Beta-Hemolytic, Catalase-Positive Gram Stain. What Antibiotic Should Be Given?
Answer: Ampicillin.
NeonatologyQ. Neonate With Signs of Sepsis, Empirical Antibiotic?
Answer: Ampicillin.
NeonatologyQ. Neonate With High Fever, Petechial Rash, Hypotension (70/55), Cold Extremities, and Poor Feeding. Diagnosis?
Answer: Septic shock.
NeonatologyQ. During Delivery, Moro Reflex Absent on Right Side. Diagnosis?
Answer: Erb’s palsy.
NeonatologyQ. Absent Hand Motor Reflex in Baby. Diagnosis?
Answer: Erb’s palsy.
NeonatologyQ. Erb’s Palsy in Macrosomic Baby. Cause?
Answer: Baby’s weight more than 4500 g.
NeonatologyQ. Kernicterus Due to?
Answer: ABO incompatibility.
Rh incompatibility.
NeonatologyQ. Fetus Delivered With Vacuum Instrument, Swelling That Doesn’t Cross Sutures. Diagnosis?
Answer: Cephalohematoma.
NeonatologyQ. Fetus Delivered With Vacuum Instrument, Swelling That Doesn’t Cross Sutures. Diagnosis?
Answer: Cephalohematoma.
NeonatologyQ. What Improvement Decreased Premature Baby Mortality Rate? Answer: Hypothermia.
Q. 6-Week-Old Baby With Unilateral Absence of Red Reflex. Next Step? Answer: Funduscopy.
NeonatologyQ. Best Time for Red Reflex Examination?
Answer: At birth and age of 6 weeks.
NeonatologyQ. In Diabetic Mothers, Glucose 12.5% Is Given Through Which Route?
Answer: Central line.
NeonatologyQ. Newborn With Hypoglycemia. Route for 20% Dextrose?
Answer: Central line.
NeonatologyQ. Newborn With One Umbilical Artery. Cause?
Answer: Maternal diabetes.
NeonatologyQ. 9-Day-Old Newborn With Jaundice on Face Only, Delivered by NVD, Breastfed Immediately. Cause?
Answer: Breastfeeding jaundice.
NeonatologyQ. Home-Delivered Baby, 65 Days Old, With Thigh Bruises, High PT and PTT. Diagnosis?
Answer: Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
NeonatologyQ. Q. 5-Day-Old Baby With Thigh Bruises, High PT and PTT. Diagnosis?-Delivered Baby, 65 Days Old, With Thigh Bruises, High PT and PTT. Diagnosis?
Answer: Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
NeonatologyQ. Prolonged Delivery With Ventouse Use, Injury Not Crossing Bone. Diagnosis?
Answer: Cephalohematoma.
NeonatologyQ. If Injury Crosses the Suture Line After Delivery. Diagnosis?
Answer: Caput succedaneum.
NeonatologyQ. Newborn With Jaundice in First 12 Hours, Hb = 9. Which Test to Order?
Answer: Fragility test.
NeonatologyQ. 5-Day-Old Baby With Jaundice. Most Important Question in History?
Answer: Blood group.
NeonatologyQ. 4-Day-Old Baby With Jaundice, Total and Direct Bilirubin High. What is the Likely Diagnosis?
Answer: Biliary atresia.
NeonatologyQ. Child With Jaundice on the 3rd Day Post-Birth, Progressing Over 2 Weeks, Pale Stool, High Total and Direct Bilirubin. Diagnosis?
Answer: Biliary atresia.
NeonatologyQ. Infant death after being preterm, with parents who are heavy smokers and slept with the baby. Likely cause?
Answer: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
NeonatologyQ. Horizontal line in X-ray of an infant?
Answer: Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN).
NeonatologyQ. Most common cause of tachypnea and grunting in a newborn?
Answer: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).
NeonatologyQ. Intervention to minimize disability in a 2-hour-old baby within the first 6 hours?
Answer: Mild hypothermia.
NeonatologyQ. Meconium aspiration management?
Answer: Nitric oxide.
Ethics15. First Asthma Attack + Father Smoking but Unaware of Risks
Counsel the father about the risks of smoking on the child.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Baby Girl With Dehydration and Clitoromegaly
Answer: Steroids (Suggests congenital adrenal hyperplasia).
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Old Male With Acute Confusional State, Postural Hypotension, and Hypercalcemia
Answer: Hydrocortisone (Suspect adrenal insufficiency).
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Patient With BMI 18 but Thinks They Are Obese and Diets Excessively. Diagnosis?
Answer: Anorexia nervosa.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Child With Sudden Thigh Pain and Spiral Fracture, Labs Show High PTH and Calcium. Diagnosis?
Answer: Primary hyperparathyroidism.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. 9-Year-Old With High PTH, High Calcium, and Bone Pain. Treatment?
Answer: Rehydration + diuretics + bisphosphonates.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Child With Bowed Legs and Frontal Bossing. Management?
Answer: Vitamin D3 supplementation.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. What Is the Mode of Inheritance for 17 Alpha-Hydroxylase Deficiency?
Answer: Autosomal recessive.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Baby With Ambiguous Genitalia. What Is the Most Likely Enzyme Deficiency?
Answer: 21-Hydroxylase deficiency.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. What Is the Mode of Inheritance for Ambiguous Genitalia Caused by 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency?
Answer: Autosomal recessive.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Parents Have a 25% Risk of Having an Affected Child With a Genetic Disorder. What Is the Likely Mode of Inheritance?
Answer: Autosomal recessive.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. What Is the Mode of Inheritance for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (21-Hydroxylase Deficiency)?
Answer: Autosomal recessive.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Eye Pigment With Green-Brown Ring Around the Cornea. Diagnosis?
Answer: Wilson's Disease.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) Patient With Dehydration and Slight Low Glucose. What to Give?
Answer: Normal saline, steroid, and glucose.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. High Levels of 17-OH Progesterone Indicate CAH. Management?
Answer: Daily hydrocortisone orally.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Female Child With Episodes of Vomiting, Enlarged Clitoris, and Sodium of 120. Treatment?
Answer: Corticosteroids (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia).
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Pediatric Patient With DKA Symptoms and Elevated Blood Glucose. Next Step?
Answer: Urine dipstick (to check for ketones).
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Pediatric Patient With Hyperglycemia and Symptoms of Diabetes, RR: 60. Next Most Important Test?
Answer: Urinalysis (to detect ketones).
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Diabetic Mother. How to Know If Baby Will Be Normal?
Answer: HbA1c.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Child Diagnosed With Type 1 Diabetes. When to Screen Eyes?
Answer: After 5 years, then annually.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Child With Type 1 DM. What Insulin Will They Use for Control?
Answer: Regular insulin.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. 6-Year-Old With Type 1 DM Complaining of Hypoglycemia. Best Treatment?
Answer: Decrease mixture insulin.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Child Not Eating for 3 Hours, Severe Thirst, Fasting Blood Glucose of 6.3. Cause of Increased Glucose?
Answer: Decreased insulin.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Child on Glargine + Aspart Complains of Fasting and Postprandial Hypoglycemia. What to Do?
Answer: Reduce both.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Most Important Monitoring During DKA Management?
Answer: Cerebral edema.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Child Treated for DKA Still Has Hypokalemia. Cause?
Answer: Vomiting.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Mother Complains Her Daughter Is Short With Normal Labs Except Low Insulin Growth Hormone. Diagnosis?
Answer: Growth hormone deficiency.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. 9-Year-Old With Short Stature and Bone Age of 7 Years. Normal Labs Except Low IGF-1. Diagnosis?
Answer: Growth hormone deficiency.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. 2-Year-Old Developing Breast. What Is the Cause?
Answer: Premature thelarche.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. 7-Year-Old Female Started Breast Development, Pubic Hair, and Acne. What Kind of Puberty?
Answer: Central precocious puberty.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. 5-Year-Old Female With Pubic Hair, No Clitoromegaly, Obese, Height Above 90th Percentile. Next Step?
Answer: Check Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEAS).
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. 7-Year-Old Girl With Pubic Hair and Breast Development. What Kind of Puberty?
Answer: Central precocious puberty.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Child With Short Stature. What History Detail Is Most Important?
Answer: Parental height.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. 9-Year-Old Boy With Bone Density for Age 7 Years. Diagnosis?
Answer: Constitutional growth delay.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Male With Type Hair Distribution and Dark Scrotum. Tanner Stage?
Answer: Tanner Stage 4.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Boy With Pubic Hair in Adult Distribution and Darkened Scrotal Skin. Tanner Stage?
Answer: Tanner Stage 4.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. 13-Year-Old With No Signs of Breast Development or Pubic Hair. Cause?
Answer: Constitutional delay of puberty.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. 9-Year-Old Boy, 120cm Tall, Bone Age 7 Years, Concern for Height. Diagnosis?
Answer: Constitutional growth delay.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. 17-Year-Old Girl With No Period, Minimal Breast Development, and Axillary/Pubic Hair. Investigation?
Answer: Pelvic ultrasound (for outflow obstruction or Mullerian agenesis).
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. 17-Year-Old Boy With Unilateral Gynecomastia. Management?
Answer: Reassure, it will disappear later.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. 7-Year-Old With Tanner Stage 5 (Breast, Pubic Hair, Acne). Type of Puberty?
Answer: Precocious puberty.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. 7-Year-Old With Pubic Hair, No Axillary Hair, No Breast Development. Diagnosis?
Answer: Precocious puberty.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Newborn With Jaundice, Large Fontanel, Cold Extremities, Hypotonia, Large Tongue. Diagnosis?
Answer: Congenital hypothyroidism.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. 2-Month-Old Baby With Bulging Tongue, Dry Mouth, Constipation, High TSH (22), Low T3 and T4. Management?
Answer: Lifelong levothyroxine.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Newborn Screening: What Single Test is Most Important?
Answer: Thyroid function test.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. A child eats excessively, is obese, has undescended testis, facial malformations, and cleft palate. Diagnosis?
Answer: Prader-Willi Syndrome.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Characteristics of Turner Syndrome:
Answer: Short neck + Amenorrhea + Webbed neck.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. Down Syndrome endocrine association:
Answer: Hypothyroidism.
Pediatric EndocrinologyQ. First sign of female puberty?
Answer: Thelarche.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. 4-Month-Old Baby With Distended Abdomen, Yellow Stool Gradually Lightens Over Time
Answer: Allergy to formula (Formula intolerance).
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Breastfed Baby Switched to Bottle Feeding, Complaining of Constipation and Distension
Answer: Cow milk intolerance (Switching from breastfeeding to cow milk formula can cause intolerance).
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Baby With Abdominal Distension, First Investigation
Answer: Ultrasound (Non-invasive and informative for abdominal concerns).
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Electrolyte Abnormalities in Watery Diarrhea
Answer: Hyponatremia, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis (Common losses in diarrhea).
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. 4-Month-Old Baby With Distended Abdomen, Yellow Stool Gradually Lightens Over Time
Answer: Conservative management (Supportive care unless severe symptoms develop).
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Child With Abdominal Pain, Nausea, Vomiting, and Bloody Diarrhea 10 Days After Eating at a Restaurant
Answer: Supportive therapy (Avoid antibiotics in cases of possible HUS).
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Most Worrying Sign in Child With Abdominal Pain
Answer: Late-night pain (Indicates a more serious condition).
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Child With Abdominal Pain and Jelly-Like Stools. Best Diagnostic Test?
Answer: Barium enema.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Jelly-Like Stools. Best Diagnostic Test?
Answer: Barium enema.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Stabilized Intussusception Patient. Next Step?
b>Answer: Barium enema/radiological reduction.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Intussusception Case. What Would You Tell the Mother?
Answer: Recurrence is common after surgery.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Baby With Severe Intermittent Crying and Leg Raising. Next Step?
Answer: Abdominal ultrasound (suspect intussusception).
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Treatment of Intussusception in Pediatrics?
Answer: Hydrostatic enema.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Abdominal Exam Shows Sausage-Shaped Mass. Diagnosis?
Answer: Intussusception.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Confirming Intussusception Clinically?
Answer: Sausage-shaped mass.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Stable Intussusception Case. Initial Step?
Answer: Radiological reduction.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Child Crying With Abdominal Pain and Mass in Upper Abdomen. Diagnosis?
Answer: Intussusception.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. First Step in Intussusception Management?
Answer: IV fluids and analgesia.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. 13-Month-Old With Abdominal Tenderness, Vomiting, Bloody Stool, Leukocytosis, and US Showing Doughnut Shape. Diagnosis?
Answer: Intussusception.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. 3-Year-Old Girl With Painless Bloody Diapers. Diagnosis?
Answer: Meckel's diverticulum.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Target Sign on Ultrasound?
Answer: Intussusception.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Intussusception Case With Severe Dehydration. Immediate Next Step?
Answer: IV fluids.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. 11-Month-Old With Bloody Stool. How to Confirm Diagnosis?
Answer: Ultrasound.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Initial Investigation for Intussusception Presentation?
Answer: Ultrasound abdomen.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Intussusception With Colicky Pain, Doughnut Sign on US, and Bloody Stool. Management?
Answer: IV fluid resuscitation.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Neonate With Bilious Vomiting and Passing Meconium Then Yellow Stool. Diagnosis?
Answer: Midgut volvulus.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Child With Bilious Vomiting and Limited Stool Output at 5 Days Old. Diagnosis?
Answer: Volvulus.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. 3-7 Days Old Baby With Bilious Vomiting After Introducing Formula. Diagnosis?
Answer: Midgut volvulus.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Coffee Bean Sign on Imaging. Diagnosis?
Answer: Sigmoid volvulus.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Thumbprint Sign on Abdomen Imaging. Diagnosis?
Answer: Bowel ischemia.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Abdominal Distension, Constipation, and Vomiting. Best Investigation?
Answer: Ultrasound.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Next Step?
Answer: Colonoscopy.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. 12-Month-Old With Recurrent Gastritis After Introducing Normal Diet. Managed With Oral Rehydration. What to Do?
Answer: Oral rehydration for 24 days, then gradually reintroduce a normal diet.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Child With Abdominal Pain and Jelly-Like Stools. Best Diagnostic Test?
Answer: Barium enema.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Jelly-Like Stools. Best Diagnostic Test?
Answer: Barium enema.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Stabilized Intussusception Patient. Next Step?
Answer: Barium enema/radiological reduction.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Intussusception Case. What Would You Tell the Mother?
Answer: Recurrence is common after surgery.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Baby With Severe Intermittent Crying and Leg Raising. Next Step?
Answer: Abdominal ultrasound (suspect intussusception).
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Treatment of Intussusception in Pediatrics?
Answer: Hydrostatic enema.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Abdominal Exam Shows Sausage-Shaped Mass. Diagnosis?
Answer: Intussusception.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Confirming Intussusception Clinically?
Answer: Sausage-shaped mass.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Stable Intussusception Case. Initial Step?
Answer: Radiological reduction.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Child Crying With Abdominal Pain and Mass in Upper Abdomen. Diagnosis?
Answer: Intussusception.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. First Step in Intussusception Management?
Answer: IV fluids and analgesia.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. 13-Month-Old With Abdominal Tenderness, Vomiting, Bloody Stool, Leukocytosis, and US Showing Doughnut Shape. Diagnosis?
Answer: Intussusception.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. 3-Year-Old Girl With Painless Bloody Diapers. Diagnosis?
Answer: Meckel's diverticulum.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Target Sign on Ultrasound?
Answer: Intussusception.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Intussusception Case With Severe Dehydration. Immediate Next Step?
Answer: IV fluids.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. 11-Month-Old With Bloody Stool. How to Confirm Diagnosis?
Answer: Ultrasound.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Initial Investigation for Intussusception Presentation?
Answer: Ultrasound abdomen.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Intussusception With Colicky Pain, Doughnut Sign on US, and Bloody Stool. Management?
Answer: IV fluid resuscitation.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Neonate With Bilious Vomiting and Passing Meconium Then Yellow Stool. Diagnosis?
Answer: Midgut volvulus.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Child With Bilious Vomiting and Limited Stool Output at 5 Days Old. Diagnosis?
Answer: Volvulus.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. 3-7 Days Old Baby With Bilious Vomiting After Introducing Formula. Diagnosis?
Answer: Midgut volvulus.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Coffee Bean Sign on Imaging. Diagnosis?
Answer: Sigmoid volvulus.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Thumbprint Sign on Abdomen Imaging. Diagnosis?
Answer: Bowel ischemia.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Abdominal Distension, Constipation, and Vomiting. Best Investigation?
Answer: Ultrasound.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Next Step?
Answer: Colonoscopy.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. 12-Month-Old With Recurrent Gastritis After Introducing Normal Diet. Managed With Oral Rehydration. What to Do?
Answer: Oral rehydration for 24 days, then gradually reintroduce a normal diet.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Malnutrition in an African boy with ascites or central edema is likely caused by:
Answer: Kwashiorkor.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Brittle hair and abdominal distension, diagnosed with Kwashiorkor. Cause?
Answer: Protein malnutrition.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Malnutrition in an African boy with atrophy everywhere. Diagnosis?
Answer: Marasmus.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Baby 6 weeks, direct bilirubin high. Diagnosis?
Answer: Choledochal cyst.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Child with gastroenteritis. Diagnostic test?
Answer: Stool antigen.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Difficulty passing stool; PR exam shows empty rectum. Diagnosis and treatment?
Answer: Hirschsprung disease; treated by resection and anastomosis.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. When to start a normal diet after ORT in pediatric gastroenteritis?
Answer: After 24 hours.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Child with 3 days of vomiting and stooling. Likely electrolyte abnormality?
Answer: Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Gastric cancer diagnostic test of high value?
Answer: Fasting gastrin level.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Celiac disease activity marker?
Answer: Anti‑tissue transglutaminase antibodies.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Celiac disease, diagnosis in a child with 3 years of diarrhea after eating?
Answer: Anti‑endomysial antibodies.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Signs of obstruction in a child. Best initial diagnostic modality?
Answer: Ultrasound.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. GERD symptoms increase at night. Treatment?
Answer: Bed elevation and PPI.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Pyloric stenosis case. Treatment?
Answer: Pyloromyotomy.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Projectile non‑biliary vomiting with mass in epigastric region. Investigation and treatment?
Answer: Ultrasound; treat with pyloromyotomy.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Pyloric stenosis diagnosis includes?
Answer: Failure to thrive.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Pyloric stenosis. What are the electrolyte abnormalities?
Answer: Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Child on Metronidazole and Omeprazole for H. pylori eradication. Drug to add?
Answer: Clarithromycin.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. 12‑Month‑Old With Recurrent Gastritis After Introducing Normal Diet. Managed With Oral Rehydration. What to Do?
Answer: Oral rehydration for 24 days, then gradually reintroduce a normal diet.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. Child with abdominal mass, aniridia, and undescended testicles. Diagnosis?
Answer: WAGR syndrome (Wilms tumor, Aniridia, Genitourinary anomalies, and Retardation).
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. 3-year-old boy with blood spotting in the diaper, pale mucosal dryness, and no abdominal pain. Diagnosis?
Answer: Juvenile polyps.
Pediatric GastroenterologyQ. 3-year-old with painless rectal bleeding. Diagnosis?
Answer: Juvenile polyp.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Child With Petechiae on Legs, History of URTI, Low Platelets but Normal CBC
Answer: Supportive if platelet count >30,000 and no bleeding (ITP management).
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Child With Petechiae and Low Platelets, Next Step
Answer: Supportive care (If mild presentation).
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. 5-Year-Old Boy With RUQ Pain, Severe Drop in Hemoglobin, Target Cells on Blood Smear
Answer: Sickle cell disease (RUQ pain may indicate splenic sequestration crisis).
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Child With Lethargy, Poor Concentration, and Hemoglobin of 10.5
Answer: IM iron (Treat iron-deficiency anemia).
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Child With Leukemia, Fever 17 Days Post-Chemotherapy, Normal Neutrophils. Management?
Answer: Blood culture, urine culture, and broad-spectrum IV antibiotics.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Bleeding After Circumcision. Associated Factor?
Answer: Factor VIII.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Prolonged Bleeding in a Neonate After Umbilical Stump Bleeding. Likely Factor Deficiency?
Answer: Factor XIII.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Boy Bleeds After Tooth Extraction, Factor VIII Positive, Platelets Normal, Slight Increase in PT. Diagnosis?
Answer: Von Willebrand disease.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Child With 7 Café-au-Lait Spots and Axillary Freckles. What Is the Mode of Inheritance for Neurofibromatosis Type 1?
Answer: Autosomal dominant.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. What Is the Type of Genetic Inheritance for Neurofibromatosis Type 1?
Answer: Autosomal dominant.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Child With Multiple Café-au-Lait Spots. The Mother Mentions That Relatives Have the Same Spots. What Is the Next Step?
Answer: Send for genetic counseling.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. 4-Year-Old Boy With Multiple Café-au-Lait Spots. The Mother Says It’s a Common Birthmark in Their Family. What Is the Test Action?
Answer: Send for genetic counseling.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Case of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome With Recurrent Infections, Eczema, 2 Healthy Sisters, and a Sibling Who Died Before 10 Months. What Is the Mode of Inheritance?
Answer: X-linked.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. 14-Month-Old Boy With a History of 4 Lung Infections, With Two Healthy Sisters. Diagnosis?
Answer: X-linked agammaglobulinemia.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Is Characterized by What Three Key Features?
Answer: Eczema.
Thrombocytopenia.
Immune deficiency or recurrent upper respiratory infections.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Child With Recurrent Upper Respiratory Tract Infections, Eczema, and Thrombocytopenia. His Brother and Uncle Have the Same Condition. Diagnosis?
Answer: Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Positive Direct and Indirect Coombs Test. Diagnosis?
Answer: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. 11-Year-Old With Jaundice, Increased Indirect Bilirubin, Increased Total Bilirubin, and Normal LFT. Diagnosis?
Answer: Gilbert syndrome.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. What Indicates Hemolysis?
Answer: Increased unconjugated bilirubin.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Condition Associated With Spherocytosis?
Answer: Osmotic fragility test positive.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Target Cells and Inclusion Bodies Seen in?
Answer: Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA).
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. SCD Patient in Crisis. Next Step to Differentiate Between Aplastic and Splenic Sequestration Crisis?
Answer: Reticulocyte count.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Medication to Prevent Acute Chest Syndrome in SCD?
Answer: Hydroxyurea.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. SCD Patient With Chest Pain, Dyspnea, and Back Pain. CXR Shows Right Lobe Consolidation. Diagnosis?
Answer: Acute chest syndrome.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. SCD Patient With Enlarged Liver and Spleen, Drop in Hemoglobin. Diagnosis?
Answer: Splenic sequestration crisis.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Treatment of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)?
Answer: Plasmapheresis with or without steroids.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Long-Term Treatment for Sickle Cell Disease?
Answer: Hydroxyurea.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. SCD Patient With Shortness of Breath and Chest Pain. Best Initial Step?
Answer: IV fluids and analgesics.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. 6-Year-Old With SCD, Anemia, and Spleen Palpable 6 cm Below Costal Margin. Management?
Answer: Splenectomy.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Finding in Beta Thalassemia Minor?
Answer: Elevated HbA2.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Finding in Beta Thalassemia Major?
Answer: Elevated HbF.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Child With Microcytic, Hypochromic Anemia, High HbA2, Normal Ferritin. Diagnosis?
Answer: Beta thalassemia minor.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Child With Microcytic, Hypochromic Anemia, High Reticulocytes (2%), Normal Ferritin, Siblings With Similar Presentation. Diagnosis?
Answer: Alpha thalassemia trait.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. 58-Day-Old Baby With G6PD and Low Hemoglobin. Cause?
Answer: Hemolytic anemia.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Lab Findings: High RBC, Low Hemoglobin, Low MCV, Normal Reticulocyte Count. Diagnosis?
Answer: Anemia of chronic disease.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Joint Hemarthrosis in Pediatrics. Diagnosis?
Answer: Hemophilia.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Child With Microcytic, Hypochromic Anemia, High HbA2, Normal Ferritin. Diagnosis?
Answer: Beta thalassemia minor.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Child With Microcytic, Hypochromic Anemia, High Reticulocytes (2%), Normal
Ferritin, Siblings With Similar Presentation. Diagnosis?
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyAnswer: Alpha thalassemia trait.
Q. 58-Day-Old Baby With G6PD and Low Hemoglobin. Cause?
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyAnswer: Hemolytic anemia.
Q. Lab Findings: High RBC, Low Hemoglobin, Low MCV, Normal Reticulocyte Count. Diagnosis?
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyAnswer: Anemia of chronic disease.
Q. Joint Hemarthrosis in Pediatrics. Diagnosis?
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Microspherocytes + Anisocytosis indicate:
Answer: Hereditary spherocytosis.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Most common cancer in a 4-year-old boy?
Answer: Leukemia.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Child with swelling and redness above the knee (femur). Diagnosis?
Answer: Osteosarcoma.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Orthopedic tumor in pediatric cases with no limitation of movement. Diagnosis?
Answer: Osteosarcoma.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Patient diagnosed with small cell lung cancer, presenting with dehydration, low serum osmolality, and high urine osmolality. Treatment?
Answer: Normal saline.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Flank mass in children is most likely?
Answer: Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma).
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Child with fever, abdominal pain, pale appearance, and hypertension after a fall. Likely diagnosis?
Answer: Neuroblastoma.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Key difference: Central mass vs. Flank mass in children? Central mass: Neuroblastoma. Flank mass: Wilms tumor.
Answer: (As stated.)
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. First investigation for a flank mass in children?
Answer: CT scan.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Boy with bone erosions, high calcium, and phosphate levels. Treatment?
Answer: Hydration with normal saline + Bisphosphonates.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Pediatric patient with joint pain and hematuria. History of URTI 4 weeks ago with petechial rash on buttocks and thighs. Platelets are normal. Diagnosis?
Answer: Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP).
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Treatment of Henoch-Schonlein Purpura?
Answer: Supportive treatment. If symptoms are active, use steroids.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Child with bloody diarrhea followed by petechial rash, hematuria, and low platelets. PT and PTT are normal. Diagnosis?
Answer: Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS).
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Lab results show low platelets and high creatinine levels. Diagnosis? Answer: HUS.
Answer: HUS.
Pediatric Hematology/OncologyQ. Child with fever, hematuria, and headache. Diagnosis?
Answer: TTP (Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura).
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. 3-Year-Old With Watery Diarrhea and Dehydration After Daycare Exposure
Answer: Supportive treatment (Likely viral gastroenteritis).
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. 4-Year-Old With Non-Bloody Watery Stool and Vomiting
Answer: Supportive management (Most cases of gastroenteritis are viral).
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Child With Watery Diarrhea and History of Sick Contact
Answer: Supportive management (Likely viral gastroenteritis).
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Child With Chronic Watery Diarrhea, Abdominal Bloating, and Pain
Answer: Chronic giardiasis (Classic presentation of parasitic infection).
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Treatment of Dengue Fever
Answer: Supportive and avoid NSAIDs (Prevent complications like bleeding).
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Dengue Mosquito Activity Time
Answer: Early morning (Aedes aegypti is active during this time).
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. 2-3-Year-Old With Watery Diarrhea and Dehydration After Daycare Exposure
Answer: Supportive treatment (Likely viral gastroenteritis).
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Rotavirus Infection Management
Answer: Reassure (Rotavirus is self-limiting).
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Virus Infection With Rash on Face, Inner Cheeks, and White Spots?
Answer: Measles (Koplik spots).
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Pediatric Patient With Coryza, Conjunctivitis, and White Spots in Mouth
Answer: Measles (3 Cs: cough, coryza, conjunctivitis).
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Child With Sore Throat, Coryza, and Difficulty Swallowing Food, Investigation?
Answer: Lateral neck X-ray.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Young Girl With Recent Fever, Difficulty Swallowing Solids, Enlarged 2cm Cervical LN, Investigation?
Answer: Lateral neck X-ray.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Fever, Cough, Maculopapular Rash Behind Ears Spreading to Face and Trunk, Diagnosis?
Answer: Measles.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Unvaccinated Boy With Erythematous Rash Around Neck Spreading Down Back, Diagnosis?
Answer: Measles.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Child With Runny Nose, Fever Subsides, Rash Appears All Over Starting From Face, Diagnosis?
Answer: Roseola (if rash appears after fever subsides).
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Baby With White Eye Reflex (Leukocoria) and Murmur, Viral Infection in Mother During Pregnancy?
Answer: Rubella.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Newborn With Absent Red Eye Reflex and New Murmur, Maternal Infection?
Answer: Rubella.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Rash Starting on Face Spreading to Trunk With Enlarged LN in Groin, Diagnosis?
Answer: Rubella.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Child With Vesicles on Lips, Gums, Proximal Tongue, and Hard Palate, Diagnosis?
Answer: Gingivostomatitis.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. 4-Year-Old Fully Vaccinated Child With Fever and Sore Throat Starting the Same Day, Diagnosis?
Answer: Scarlet Fever.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Pharyngitis for 2 Days, Possible Complication?
Answer: Scarlet Fever.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Peritonsillar Abscess, Other Name?
Answer: Quinsy.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Immune-Mediated Complications of Group A Strep Infections?
Answer: Scarlet fever, acute rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, reactive arthritis.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Features of Scarlet Fever?
Answer: Fever, sore throat, strawberry tongue, rash starting 24-48 hours after pharyngitis (groin, axillae, neck, antecubital fossa), and Pastia’s lines.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. 12-Year-Old With Fever, Fatigue, Difficulty Swallowing, and Patchy Tonsillar Exudates, Likely Complication?
Answer: Scarlet fever.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Treatment for RSV bronchiolitis?
Answer: Supportive care (oxygen, hydration).
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Indication for hospitalization in bronchiolitis?
Answer: Respiratory distress, hypoxia, dehydration.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children?
Answer: Rotavirus.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Vaccination schedule for rotavirus?
Answer: Given at 2 and 4 months (or 2, 4, and 6 months depending on the vaccine type).
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Most Likely Cause of Scarlet Fever?
Answer: Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes).
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Pediatric Patient With White Membrane on Tonsils and Fever, Likely Complication?
Answer: Scarlet fever.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Complications of Tonsillitis?
Answer: Scarlet fever, pharyngitis, glomerulonephritis.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. 14-Year-Old With Fever, Pharyngeal Exudate, Enlarged Lymph Nodes, Likely Complication?
Answer: Scarlet fever.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Infant With Cough, Low-Grade Fever, Rash, and Runny Nose, Likely Diagnosis?
Answer: RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus).
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Child With Fever, Vomiting, Rash Spreading All Over the Body on Day 2, Likely Diagnosis?
Answer: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Prophylaxis for Contact With Pertussis?
Answer: Macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin).
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Duration of Pertussis Vaccine Protection?
Answer: 10 years.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Key Symptom of Whooping Cough (Pertussis)?
Answer: Paroxysmal cough with inspiratory "whoop."
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. How Long Does the Pertussis Vaccine Last?
Answer: 10 years.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. 1-Year-Old Never Vaccinated Presents With "Hacking" Cough and Inspiratory Whoop, Organism?
Answer: Pertussis.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Complication of Pertussis With Severe Vomiting?
Answer: Pneumonia.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. 4-Month-Old With Pertussis on Macrolide, Siblings Vaccinated, What to Do?
Answer: Prophylactic macrolide.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. 3-Month-Old With Paroxysmal Cough, Conjunctivitis, and Diarrhea Despite Vaccination, Organism?
Answer: Pertussis.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Investigation for Pertussis?
Answer: Nasopharyngeal Swab.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Varicella in Child With Immunocompromised Sibling, Action?
Answer: Immunoglobulins.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Meningitis in Baby Older Than 1 Month, Antibiotics of Choice?
Answer: Ceftriaxone + Vancomycin.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. A 15-Month-Old With Meningitis. Gram Stain Shows Gram-Positive Diplococci. What Is the Treatment?
Answer: Ceftriaxone + Vancomycin.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. A 15-Month-Old Child With Meningitis. CSF Analysis Shows Gram-Positive Diplococci. What Is the Management?
Answer: Ceftriaxone + Vancomycin.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. A 15-Month-Old Baby With Meningitis. CSF Shows Gram-Positive Diplococci. What Is the Treatment?
Answer: Ceftriaxone + Vancomycin.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Child With Fever, Bilateral Conjunctivitis, Abdominal Pain, and Bilateral Lung Infiltration on X-Ray. Most Common Pathogen?
Answer: Adenovirus.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Ring-shaped/headphone-shaped trophozoites are seen in:
Answer: Plasmodium falciparum infection (Malaria).
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Mumps affects which gland?
Answer: Parotid gland.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Child with fever, bilateral conjunctivitis, abdominal pain, and bilateral lung infiltration on X‑ray. Most common pathogen?
Answer: Adenovirus.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Most common cause of bronchiolitis?
Answer: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. A 3-year-old with fever, drooling, and sitting in a tripod position. Diagnosis?
Answer: Epiglottitis.
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Most common cause of epiglottitis?
Answer: Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib).
Pediatric Infectious DiseaseQ. Initial step in management of suspected epiglottitis?
Answer: Secure the airway (intubation if needed).

The Saudi Medical License Exam (SMLE) is a standardized test required for doctors to obtain a medical license to practice in Saudi Arabia. It is conducted by the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties (SCFHS).

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